
In both system theory and physics, open and closed systems are differentiated. A system that can exchange both energy and matter with its environment is open. Social systems consist of communication, which permits this exchange. A self-organized system changes its basic structure due to its experience with the environment. The interacting participants act according to simple rules and thus create order from chaos. New, efficient structures and behaviors arise. Open systems are living systems. They are capable of learning, changing, and further developing in an evolutionary manner.